Kuti uwedzere simba reinjini dzinopisa mukati, zvikamu zvakakosha - turbocharger - zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya.Verenga pamusoro pekuti turbocharger chii, ndeapi marudzi aya mayuniti, akarongwa sei uye nemisimboti yebasa ravo rakavakirwa, pamwe nekuchengetedza kwavo nekugadzirisa, muchinyorwa.
Chii chinonzi turbocharger?
Iyo turbocharger ndiyo chikamu chikuru cheaggregate pressurization system yeinjini dzinopisa mukati, chikamu chekuwedzera kudzvanywa muchikamu chekutora injini nekuda kwesimba remagasi ekupedza.
Iyo turbocharger inoshandiswa kuwedzera simba reinjini yekupisa kwemukati pasina kupindira kwakanyanya mukugadzirwa kwayo.Ichi chikwata chinowedzera kudzvinyirirwa muchikamu chekutora injini, kupa huwandu hwehuwandu hwemafuta-mhepo musanganiswa kumakamuri ekupisa.Muchiitiko ichi, kupisa kunoitika pakupisa kwepamusoro nekuumbwa kwehuwandu hukuru hwemagasi, izvo zvinotungamirira mukuwedzera kwekumanikidzwa kwepiston uye, semugumisiro, kuwedzera kwe torque uye injini simba .
Kushandiswa kwe turbocharger kunokubvumira kuti uwedzere simba rejini ne20-50% nekuwedzera kuduku mumutengo wayo (uye nekumwe kuchinjwa kwakakosha, kukura kwesimba kunogona kusvika 100-120%).Nekuda kwekureruka kwavo, kuvimbika uye kushanda nesimba, turbocharger-based pressurization masisitimu anoshandiswa zvakanyanya pamhando dzese dzemotokari dzemoto dzemukati.
Mhando uye maitiro e turbocharger
Nhasi, kune akasiyana siyana e turbocharger, asi anogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka zvichienderana nechinangwa chavo uye kushanda, mhando yeturbine inoshandiswa uye kuwedzera kushanda.
Zvinoenderana nechinangwa, turbocharger inogona kukamurwa kuva akati wandei marudzi:
• Kune imwe-nhanho pressurization masisitimu - imwe turbocharger painjini, kana maviri kana anopfuura mayuniti anoshanda pamasilinda akati wandei;
•Kune akatevedzana uye akatevedzana-parallel inflation masisitimu (akasiyana-siyana eTwin Turbo) - maviri akafanana kana akasiyana mayuniti anoshanda pane rimwe boka remasilinda;
• Pamatanho maviri ekudzvinyirira masisitimu, kune maviri turbocharger ane maitiro akasiyana, anoshanda ari maviri maviri (sequentially imwe mushure meimwe) kune rimwe boka remasilinda.
Inonyanya kushandiswa ndeye-single-stage pressurization systems yakavakwa pahwaro hweimwe turbocharger.Nekudaro, sisitimu yakadai inogona kunge iine maviri kana mana mayuniti akafanana - semuenzaniso, muinjini dzakaita V, ma turbocharger akasiyana anoshandiswa pamutsara wega wega wemasilinda, mune akawanda-cylinder injini (anopfuura 8) mana turbocharger anogona kushandiswa, imwe neimwe iyo inoshanda pa2, 4 kana kupfuura masilinda.Zvishoma zvakajairika ndezvematanho maviri ekumanikidza masisitimu uye akasiyana-siyana eTwin-Turbo, vanoshandisa maturbocharger maviri ane maitiro akasiyana anogona kungoshanda ari maviri maviri.
Zvinoenderana nekushanda, turbocharger inogona kukamurwa mumapoka akati wandei:
• Nemhando yeinjini - ye peturu, dizeli uye magasi masimba emagetsi;
• Maererano nehuwandu hwejini uye simba - kune masimba emagetsi emagetsi maduku, epakati uye makuru;yeinjini dzinomhanya-mhanya, nezvimwe.
Turbocharger inogona kuve yakashongedzerwa neimwe yemhando mbiri dzeturbine:
• Radial (radial-axial, centripetal) - kuyerera kwemagasi emhepo kunodyiswa kune periphery ye turbine impeller, inofamba kusvika pakati payo uye inobudiswa mu axial direction;
• Axial - kuyerera kwemagasi emhepo anopiwa pamwe chete neaxis (kusvika pakati) ye turbine impeller uye inobudiswa kubva kumativi ayo.
Nhasi, zvirongwa zvese zviri zviviri zvinoshandiswa, asi painjini diki unogona kuwana turbocharger ine radial-axial turbine, uye pamasimba ane simba mayuniti, axial turbines anosarudzwa (kunyangwe uyu usiri mutemo).Pasinei nemhando ye turbine, ese ma turbocharger ane centrifugal compressor - mukati mayo mweya unopiwa pakati peiyo impeller uye inobviswa kubva pairiphery.
Mazuva ano turbocharger anogona kuve nekuita kwakasiyana:
• Inopinda kaviri - iyo turbine ine mapeji maviri, imwe neimwe yadzo inogamuchira gasi rekupedza kubva kune rimwe boka remasilinda, iyi sarudzo inoderedza kudonha kwemagetsi muhurongwa uye inovandudza kugadzikana kwekusimudzira;
• Variable geometry - turbine ine mashizha anofambisa kana mhete inotsvedza, kuburikidza naro iwe unogona kushandura kuyerera kwemagesi emhepo kune impeller, izvi zvinokubvumira kuti uchinje maitiro e turbocharger zvichienderana nejini inoshanda mode.
Chekupedzisira, maturbocharger anosiyana mune yavo yekutanga maitiro maitiro uye kugona.Pakati pehukuru humiro hwemayuniti aya hunofanirwa kujekeswa:
• Chiyero chekuwedzera kwekuwedzera - chiyero chemhepo yemhepo pakubuda kwe compressor kusvika kumhepo yemhepo painopinza, iri muhuwandu hwe1.5-3;
• Compressor kugovera (kuyerera kwemhepo kuburikidza ne compressor) - huwandu hwemhepo inopfuura ne compressor per unit yenguva (yechipiri) iri muhuwandu hwe 0.5-2 kg / s;
• Injini yekushanda inotangira kubva kumazana akawanda (yemagetsi edhiziri ane simba, maindasitiri uye mamwe injini dzedhiziri) kusvika kumakumi ezviuru (yemazuva ano anomanikidzirwa injini) mabhidhiyo pasekondi.Kumhanya kwakanyanya kunogumira nesimba returbine uye compressor impellers, kana kumhanya kwekutenderera kwakanyanyisa nekuda kwemasimba ecentrifugal, vhiri rinogona kudonha.Mune maturbocharger emazuva ano, mapeji emavhiri anogona kutenderera nekumhanya kwe500-600 kana kupfuura m / s, ndiko kuti, 1.5-2 nguva nekukurumidza kupfuura kumhanya kwekurira, izvi zvinokonzeresa kuitika kwechimiro chemuridzo weturbine;
• Iko kushanda / kupisa kwakanyanya kwemagasi emhepo painopinza kune turbine iri mukati me650-700 ° C, mune dzimwe nguva inosvika 1000 ° C;
• Kushanda kwe turbine / compressor kunowanzoita 0.7-0.8, mune imwe yuniti kushanda kweiyo turbine kunowanzo kuderera pane kushanda kweiyo compressor.
Zvakare, iwo mayuniti anosiyana muhukuru, mhando yekuisa, kudiwa kwekushandisa ebetsero zvikamu, nezvimwe.
Turbocharger dhizaini
Kazhinji, turbocharger ine zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru:
1.Turbine;
2.Compressor;
3.Bearing housing (central housing).
Yakajairika dhayagiramu yemukati combustion injini aggregate air pressurization system
Turbine iyuniti inoshandura iyo kinetic simba reanopedza magasi kuita magetsi emagetsi (mu torque yevhiri), iyo inovimbisa kushanda kwecompressor.Compressor chikamu chekupomba mweya.Imba inotakura inobatanidza mayuniti ese ari maviri muchimiro chimwe, uye rotor shaft iri mairi inogonesa kutamiswa kwe torque kubva kune turbine vhiri kuenda kune compressor vhiri.
Chikamu cheTurbocharger
Iyo turbine uye compressor ine dhizaini yakafanana.Nheyo yeimwe neimwe yezvikamu izvi ndeyemuviri wecochlear, mumativi epakati uye nechepakati ayo pane mapaipi ekubatanidza kune pressurization system.Mu compressor, iyo inlet pombi inogara iri pakati, iyo exhaust (kubuda) iri padivi.Kurongeka kwakafanana kwepombi yeaxial turbines, kune radial-axial turbines, nzvimbo yepombi inopesana (parutivi - kupinza, pakati - kupera).
Mukati mekesi mune vhiri rine mablades echimiro chakakosha.Mavhiri ese ari maviri - turbine uye compressor - anobatwa neyakajairwa shaft inopfuura nepainotakura imba.Iwo mavhiri akasimba-akakanda kana akaumbwa, chimiro cheturbine mavhiri mavhiri anovimbisa zvakanyanya kushandiswa kwemhepo yekupedza gasi simba, chimiro checompressor vhiri blades chinopa yakanyanya centrifugal maitiro.Mazuva ano ma turbines epamusoro-soro anogona kushandisa mavhiri anosanganiswa ane ceramic blades, ane huremu hwakaderera uye ane kuita zvirinani.Saizi yemavhiri e turbocharger einjini dzemotokari ndeye 50-180 mm, ine simba locomotive, maindasitiri uye mamwe injini dizeli 220-500 mm kana kupfuura.
Dzimba mbiri idzi dzakaiswa pane inotakura imba ine mabhaudhi kuburikidza nezvisimbiso.Mabhengi akajeka (asingawanzo kutenderera mabhengi echigadzirwa chakakosha) uye O-mhete dziri pano.Uyewo mukati meimba yepakati kune nzira dzemafuta dzekuzora mabhengi uye shaft, uye mune mamwe ma turbocharger uye mhango yejasi rekutonhora remvura.Panguva yekuisa, iyo unit yakabatana kune injini yekuzora uye kutonhora masisitimu.
Zvakasiyana-siyana zvekubatsira zvikamu zvinogonawo kupihwa mukugadzirwa kweiyo turbocharger, zvinosanganisira zvikamu zveiyo epoust gasi recirculation system, mavharuvhu emafuta, zvinhu zvekuvandudza kurongeka kwezvikamu uye kutonhora kwavo, mavharuvhu ekudzora, nezvimwe.
Zvikamu zveTurbocharger zvinogadzirwa nemagiredhi akakosha esimbi, masimbi anodzivirira kupisa anoshandiswa kune vhiri returbine.Zvishandiso zvinonyatsosarudzwa maererano nekoefficient yekuwedzera kwekushisa, iyo inovimbisa kuvimbika kwekugadzirwa kwemaitiro akasiyana-siyana ekushanda.
Iyo turbocharger inosanganisirwa mumhepo yekutsikirira system, iyo inosanganisira yekupinda uye kupera simba manifolds, uye mune yakaoma masisitimu - intercooler (chaji mhepo inotonhorera radiator), mavharuvhu akasiyana-siyana, sensors, dampers uye mapaipi.
Nheyo yekushanda kwe turbocharger
Kushanda kwe turbocharger kunouya pasi kune misimboti yakapusa.Iyo turbine yeyuniti inounzwa mune exhaust system yeinjini, iyo compressor - mune yekutora turakiti.Munguva yekushanda kweinjini, magasi anopedza simba anopinda mu turbine, anorova mavhiri emavhiri, achipa mamwe emagetsi ayo ekinetic uye achiita kuti itenderere.Iyo torque kubva kune turbine inofambiswa zvakananga kune compressor mavhiri kuburikidza neshaft.Kana ichitenderera, vhiri recompressor rinokanda mhepo kune periphery, richiwedzera kudzvanywa kwayo - iyi mweya inopihwa kune yakawanda yekudyara.
Imwe turbocharger ine huwandu hwekuipa, iyo huru iyo turbo kunonoka kana turbo gomba.Mavhiri eyuniti ane huremu uye imwe inertia, saka haakwanise kutenderera ipapo ipapo kana kumhanya kwesimba remagetsi kunowedzera.Naizvozvo, kana iwe ukadzvanya gasi pedal zvakanyanya, injini ye turbocharged haikurumidze nekukurumidza - pane kumbomira kwenguva pfupi, kutadza kwesimba.Mhinduro yedambudziko iri ndeye yakakosha turbine control masisitimu, turbocharger ine akasiyana geometry, akateedzana-parallel uye maviri-nhanho kudzvanya masisitimu, nezvimwe.
Nheyo yekushanda kwe turbocharger
Nyaya dzekuchengetedza nekugadzirisa turbocharger
Iyo turbocharger inoda kushoma kugadzirisa.Chinhu chikuru ndechekuchinja injini yemafuta nemafuta sefa nenguva.Kana injini inogona kuramba ichimhanya pamafuta ekare kwenguva yakati, saka inogona kuuraya kune turbocharger - kunyangwe kuderera kudiki kwemhando yemafuta pakuremerwa kwakakwira kunogona kutungamirira mukujairira uye kuparadzwa kweyuniti.Inokurudzirwawo kuti nguva nenguva kuchenesa turbine zvikamu kubva kabhoni deposits, izvo zvinoda disassembly, asi basa iri rinofanira kuitwa chete nekushandiswa anokosha maturusi uye midziyo.
Iyo yakashata turbocharger kazhinji iri nyore kutsiva pane kugadzirisa.Kuti utsive, zvinodikanwa kushandisa yuniti yemhando imwechete uye modhi iyo yakaiswa pane injini kare.Kuiswa kwe turbocharger nemamwe maitiro kunogona kukanganisa kushanda kwechikwata chemagetsi.Zviri nani kuvimba nesarudzo, kuisirwa uye kugadzirisa kweyuniti kune nyanzvi - izvi zvinovimbisa kuita kwakaringana kwebasa uye kushanda kwakajairika kweinjini.Nekutsiva kwakaringana kweiyo turbocharger, injini ichawanazve simba repamusoro uye ichakwanisa kugadzirisa zvakanyanya kuoma mabasa.
Nguva yekutumira: Aug-21-2023