Mune chero injini yemazuva ano yepiston pane zvikamu zvinosimbisa kusimba kwekamuri yekupisa uye lubrication yemasilinda - piston mhete.Verenga zvese nezve mhete dzepiston, mhando dzadzo dziripo, dhizaini maficha uye mashandiro, pamwe nekusarudzwa kwakaringana nekutsiviwa kwemhete mune yakarongwa chinyorwa.
Chii chinonzi piston mhete?
Piston zvindori - zvikamu zve cylinder-piston boka (CPG) yejini inopisa mukati;zvindori zvesimbi zvinobviswa zvakaiswa pamapistoni kuitira kuti iname kamuri yekupisa, kuderedza kurasikirwa kwemafuta einjini uye kuderedza huwandu hwemagasi emhepo anopinda mu crankcase.
Kune yakajairika kushanda kwepiston yemukati mejini yekupisa, zvakakosha zvakanyanya kuti kudzvanywa kunodarika imwe nhanho diki kunogadzirwa mukamuri yekupisa pakupera kwekumanikidza sitiroko (apo piston inosvika kumusoro kwakafa) - iyi parameter inodanwa. compression.Kumainjini epeturu, kudzvanywa kuri mumhando ye9-12 atmospheres, pazvikamu zvedhiziri iyi parameter i22-32 atmospheres.Kuti uwane kumanikidzwa kunodiwa, zvinodikanwa kuve nechokwadi chekuvharwa kwekamuri yekupisa - dambudziko iri rinogadziriswa nepiston mhete.
Piston mhete dzinoita akati wandei mabasa akakosha:
● Kuiswa chisimbiso chekamuri yekupisa - ukuru hwemhete inosarudzwa zvakanyatsoenderana nehupamhi hwemukati we cylinder, iyo inodzivirira kuputika kwemagasi kubva mukamuri rinopisa kusvika kune crankcase;
● Kuderedzwa kwemasimba ekuputika - nzvimbo yekuputika kwezvindori pamadziro e-cylinder yakanyanya kuduku kudarika nzvimbo yepiston, iyo inoderedza kurasikirwa kwekukanganiswa kwezvikamu zveCPG;
● Kubhadhara kwekuwedzera kwekushisa kwezvinhu zveCPG - pistons uye cylinders zvinogadzirwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzine coefficients dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuwedzera kwekushisa, kuiswa kwezvindori kunodzivirira jamming yepistoni uye kuchinja mukudzvinyirira apo injini yekushisa ichikwira uye ichidonha;
● Kuzora kwemadziro ecylinder uye kubviswa kwemafuta akawandisa (izvo zvinodzivirira kupinda mumakamuri ekupisa uye kuderedza kurasikirwa kwemafuta nekuda kwemarara) - zvindori zvekugadzirwa kwakakosha kunovimbisa kubviswa kwemafuta akawandisa kubva kumadziro ecylinder akaumbwa panguva yekushanda injini, asi. siya firimu yemafuta inodiwa kuti uderedze kukakavara;
● Kutonhora kwemasvingo episton - chikamu chekupisa kubva papistoni chinobviswa kumadziro e-cylinder kuburikidza nemhete.
Zviri nyore kuona kuti mhete dzepiston dzinoita basa rakakosha mukushanda kweCPG uye kushanda kweiyo yese simba unit.Chero kusashanda uye kupfeka kwezvindori zvinoratidzwa nekurasikirwa kweinjini simba uye kuderera kwese mukushanda kwayo, saka zvikamu izvi zvinofanirwa kutsiviwa.Asi usati watenga kana kuraira zvindori zvitsva, unofanirwa kunzwisisa marudzi aripo ezvikamu izvi, magadzirirwo avo uye maitiro ebasa.
Piston uye piston zvindori
Mhando, dhizaini uye musimboti wekushanda kwepiston mhete
Mhando mbiri dzemhete dzakaiswa pane imwe piston:
● Kudzvinyirira (kumusoro);
● Oil scrapers (pasi).
Mhete dzese dziri mu transverse grooves (grooves) yerectangular mbiri, yakaitwa padyo nemusoro wepiston.Mhete dzemhando dzakasiyana dzakasiyana mukugadzira uye chinangwa.
Compression mhete dzinopa chisimbiso chekamuri yekupisa, imwe, mbiri kana nhatu zvindori zvinogona kuisirwa pane imwe piston (imwe pane maviri-stroke mukati meinjini yekupisa yemukati yemudhudhudhu, maviri pane mazhinji emazuva ano einjini mana, matatu pane dzimwe injini dzedhiziri), ivo. dziri muchikamu chepamusoro chepiston.Zvimiro, zvindori zvekumanikidza zviri nyore kwazvo: iyi isimbi inobvisa mhete, iyo yakatemwa inogadzirwa nenzira yeyakareruka (yakatwasuka, oblique) kana yakaoma kukiya, pane dzimwe zvindori muchivharo pane recess yekumisa.Iyo yekuvhara ine gap diki (mamicrometer akati wandei), iyo inoshandira kubhadhara kuwedzera kwekupisa kwechikamu panguva yekushanda kweinjini.
Mhete dzakagadzirwa nesimbi kana akakosha mamakisi esimbi yakakandwa, yavo yekunze (yekushanda) pamusoro inogona kuve neyakasiyana chimiro:
● Nyore flat - munyaya iyi, mhete ine rectangular cross-section kana chikamu muchimiro chechimiro chisina kukwana quadrilateral;
● Radhiyasi (yakaita mbiya) - nzvimbo yekunze yemhete ndeye arc yedenderedzwa reradius yakakura;
● Nechamfer - chamfer yehurefu hudiki inogadzirwa pamusoro pekunze;
● "Minute" zvindori - nzvimbo yekunze ine mutsetse kusvika kumusoro, kona yekutarisa inoverengeka makumi emaminitsi e arc, nekuda kwekuti zvindori zvakawana zita ravo.
Iyo flat profiles ine yepamusoro compression zvindori, izvo zvinomanikidzwa kushanda pakupisa kwakanyanya uye kumanikidza mumamiriro ekusakwana lubrication.Kuti uderedze kupfeka, nzvimbo yekushanda yechikamu ndeye chrome-plated, phosphated, tini yakavharwa kana neimwe nzira kurapwa.Mhete yakadaro yakatarisana zvachose ne cylinder mirror panguva yekushanda, ichipa chisimbiso uye kubvisa kupisa kubva piston.
Mhete dzepasi dzinowanzova nehuwandu hwakaoma.Zvindori zvemubhobho zvine kushomeka kushoma kuramba uchichengetedza dhigirii rakakwana rekuvharwa."Minuti" zvindori, nekuda kwekuda kwenzvimbo yekushanda, kuderedza masimba ekukakavadzana: apo piston inodzika pasi (pairi kushanda sitiroko), mhete inotsvedza padivi pegirazi resilinda rine kumucheto kwaro, uye kana ichikwira kumusoro, mhete inotsvedza. yakasvinwa kubva muhumburumbira girazi nekuda kwekuzobuda kwemafuta wedge.
Mafuta anochera zvindori anovimbisa kugoverwa kwakarurama kwefirimu yemafuta pamusoro pepamusoro pe cylinder uye kudzivirira mafuta kuti apinde mukamuri inopisa (ibvise kubva mugirazi re cylinder).Mhete imwe chete inoshandiswa pane imwe piston, zvikamu izvi hazvisi pamapistoni ejini-stroke injini (sezvo mafuta akawedzerwa zvakananga kune peturu).Kazhinji, zvindori zvemafuta emafuta ane dhizaini yakaumbwa, iyo inosanganisira zvindori ivo pachavo uye vanowedzera.
Piston mhete uye chirongwa chavo chekuita
Mafuta ekutsvaira zvindori ndezvi:
● Chidimbu chimwe - mhete yaU-yakatarisana nechigadziko chepiston.Pachigadziko pane nhevedzano yemakomba akatenderera kana akareba ayo madhiraini emafuta anoitwa;
● Composite - zvindori zviviri zvakaonda (zvakapatsanurwa) zvinoshandiswa, pakati payo pane chinhu chinonzi spacer.
Spacer zvinhu ndezvi:
● Radial - kupa kumanikidzwa kwezvindori kumadziro e cylinder;
● Axial - inoshandiswa chete pamwe chete nemhete dzakagadzirwa, inopa kusvibiswa kwezvindori;
● Tangential - yakasanganiswa spacer zvinhu, inopa panguva imwe chete kuwedzera kwezvindori uye kudzvinyirira kwavo kunopesana nemadziro evhavha.
Iyo spacer zvinhu iplate (flat) kana zvitubu zvakanyungudutswa zvakanyudzwa pakati kana pasi pezvindori, chitubu chimwe chete kana maviri emhando dzakasiyana anogona kushandiswa muoiri scraper mhete.
Iyo mafuta scraper mhete inotsikirirwa pamadziro e cylinder uye, nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwayo, inovimbisa kubviswa kwemafuta akawandisa firimu.Oiri yakaunganidzwa inopinda mugomba nemumakomba ari mhete, kubva kwainodonhedza ichipinda muinjini crankcase kuburikidza nemaburi ari mumadziro episton.Panguva imwecheteyo, chikamu chemafuta chinoramba chiri muchimiro chemafuta akaonda firimu pamadziro evhavha, izvo zvinoderedza kupesana muCPG yose.
Nzira yekusarudza uye kutsiva piston zvindori
Munguva yekushanda kweinjini, zvindori zvepiston zvinoiswa pasi pemichina yakakosha uye yekupisa mitoro, izvo zvinotungamira mukupfeka kwavo zvishoma nezvishoma uye kurasikirwa kwekuita.Sezvo zvindori zvinopera, zvinorega kuita mabasa avo, izvo zvinotungamirira mukuderera kwekumanikidza, kubuda kwemagasi mu crankcase uye mafuta mukamuri rinopisa.Uyewo dambudziko rakakomba ndiro "kubika" kwezvindori (jamming nekuda kwekuunganidza kwekabhoni deposits mu grooves ye piston).Nekuda kweizvozvo, injini inorasikirwa nesimba uye throttle mhinduro, iyo inopera inowana hunhu grey kana kunyange dema tint, uye kushandiswa kwemafuta nemafuta kunowedzera.Kana zviratidzo izvi zvikaonekwa, zvinodikanwa kuongorora injini - tarisa kudzvanywa, ongorora makenduru uye zvimwe zvikamu.Kana kudzvinyirira kwakanyanyisa, makenduru anoputirwa nemafuta uye kune matambudziko nekushanda kwechikwata chemagetsi, ipapo zvindori zvepiston zvinofanira kuchinjwa.
Kuti utsive, iwe unofanirwa kusarudza zvindori chete zveaya marudzi uye nhamba dzekatalogi dzakapihwa kune iyi injini.Izvo zvinofanirwa kutakurwa mupfungwa kuti mushure mekuita shanduko huru yeinjini nemasilinda anofinha, zvinodikanwa kushandisa saizi yekugadzira mhete yakakodzera piston nyowani.
Kutsiviwa kwezvindori kunofanira kuitwa maererano nemirayiridzo yekugadzirisa chikwata chemagetsi.Kazhinji, basa iri rinoda disassembly injini uye recessing pistons.Mhete dzekare dzinobviswa uye grooves yakanyatsocheneswa.Zvindori zvitsva zvinofanira kuiswa maererano nemirairo ye "Top" kana "Up" mamaki pavari.Paunenge uchiisa zvindori, mapeji ari pakati perutivi rwepamusoro pechikamu uye rusvingo rwegorofu mupiston, uyewo muvharo yemhete yakaiswa muhumburumbira, inotariswa.Zvese zvinobvumidzwa zvinofanirwa kunge zviri mukati memiganho yakatemerwa mota.Mhete dziri papiston kuitira kuti mazariro avo arege kuvata pamutsara mumwe chete uye arege kuwira paaxis yemakomba emunwe - iyi ndiyo nzira iyo labyrinth inoumbwa iyo inodzivirira kubuda kwemagasi kubva muimba yekupisa.
Paunenge uchiisa piston ine zvindori zvitsva muhumburumbira, yakakosha mandrel inofanira kushandiswa inodzvanya zvindori kurwisa piston.Mushure mekutsiva zvindori zvepiston, zvinokurudzirwa kumhanya muinjini - usawedzere kumhanya kwekutanga 800-1000 km uye kurodha injini nehafu yesimba, pakupera kwekupwanya, iwe unofanirwa kushandura mafuta ejini. .
Nechisarudzo chakakodzera uye kutsiva piston mhete, injini ichawanazve simba rayo rekare uye ichashanda yakavimbika mumamodhi ese.
Nguva yekutumira: Jul-13-2023