Motokari dzose, maererano nemutemo wemazuva ano, dzine michina yekuvhenekera - mwenje wemhando dzakasiyana-siyana.Verenga pamusoro pekuti mwenje wemotokari chii, ndeapi marudzi emwenje, kuti anoshanda sei uye anoshanda sei, pamwe nekusarudzwa kwakaringana, kutsiva uye kushanda kwemwenje - verenga chinyorwa.
Chii chinonzi robhoti remota?
Mwenje wemota chigadziko chemwenje chemagetsi chakaiswa pamberi pemotokari.Ichi chigadziri chinopa kuvhenekera kwemugwagwa uye nzvimbo yakapoteredza pakadzika mazinga echiedza, kana mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kukwana kuonekwa.Mwero wemusoro unowanzo kunzi mwenje wemusoro kana musoro optics, unoratidza chinangwa chavo nenzvimbo.
Misoro ndeimwe yezvinhu zvakakosha zvekuvhenekera kwemotokari, ivo vanogadzirisa matambudziko akati wandei:
• Kuvhenekera kwechikamu chemugwagwa uye nzvimbo yakapoteredza pamberi pemotokari murima - inoita chiedza chemusoro;
• Kuvhenekera kwemugwagwa mumhute, kudonha kwechando, dutu rejecha, nezvimwewo - kuita mwenje wemhute;
• Kuvhenekera kwenzvimbo iri kure kure kunze kwemigwagwa yeruzhinji, panguva yekutsvaga nekudzikinura mabasa uye mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu - ita mazhenje ekutsvaga nekutsvaga;
• Kuve nechokwadi chekuonekwa kwemotokari paunenge uchityaira mumigwagwa yeruzhinji munguva dzemasikati - mavhenekeri akanyudzwa anoitwa pasina kana kuputsika kwemwenje wemasikati.
Aya mabasa anopihwa kune malights emhando dzakasiyana uye magadzirirwo.
Classification yemarambi emota
Magetsi emota akakamurwa kuita mhando zvichienderana nenzira yekugadzira mwenje wemwenje, chinangwa, kushanda mune akasiyana mwenje zvirongwa uye mudziyo.
Zvinoenderana nemaitiro ekugadzira mwenje wemwenje, kune marudzi maviri emwenje:
• Reflex (reflective) - zviedza zvechinyakare zvine mucherechedzo weparabolic kana chimiro chakaoma, chinoumba gwara rinotungamira rechiedza;
• Projection (searchlight, lensed, headlights of a semi-ellipsoid lighting system) - mwenje wemazuva ano ane lens optical, iyo inovimbisa kuumbwa kwechiedza chine simba chine chidimbu chechidimbu chechigadziro chose.
Maererano nechinangwa chavo, mwenje wemoto wakakamurwa kuva mapoka matatu:
• Basic (musoro chiedza) - kuvhenekera mugwagwa uye nzvimbo yakapoteredza murima;
• Fog - kuvhenekera mugwagwa mumamiriro ezvinhu ekusaona zvakakwana;
• Mabarabara ekutsvagisa - mabviro echiedza chenzira yekuvhenekera nzvimbo iri pedyo uye kure kure.
Mukuwo, mwenje wemberi wakakamurwa kuva marudzi matatu:
• danda rakaderera;
• High danda;
• Yakasanganiswa - imwe mudziyo inogona kushanda muzasi uye yakakwirira danda mode (asi kwete mumamodhi maviri panguva imwe chete, iyo inotsanangurwa zvakajeka muGOST).
Marobhoti akadzika uye akakwira mwenje anosiyana mune radiation pateni uye maficha einopenya flux.
Maraiti akanyikwa anovheneka mugwagwa pamberi pemotokari uye anodzivirira kuti vatyairi vasapenyekeke mumukoto uri kuuya.Ichi chigadziri chinoumba danda rakarerekera pasi uye rinotungamirwa munzira, nekuda kweichi mwenje unoiswa pamberi pekutarisa kweiyo headlight reflector, uye chikamu chechiedza chinopenya kubva mufilament chayo chinodzivirirwa (pazasi).Akanyudzwa mwenje wemwenje unogona kuumba danda rine akasiyana emwaranzi mapatani:
Marobhoti akadzika uye akakwira mwenje anosiyana mune radiation pateni uye maficha einopenya flux.
Maraiti akanyikwa anovheneka mugwagwa pamberi pemotokari uye anodzivirira kuti vatyairi vasapenyekeke mumukoto uri kuuya.Ichi chigadziri chinoumba danda rakarerekera pasi uye rinotungamirwa munzira, nekuda kweichi mwenje unoiswa pamberi pekutarisa kweiyo headlight reflector, uye chikamu chechiedza chinopenya kubva mufilament chayo chinodzivirirwa (pazasi).Akanyudzwa mwenje wemwenje unogona kuumba danda rine akasiyana emwaranzi mapatani:
Kushanda kwerambi remusoro mune yakaderera danda
modeKushanda kwerambi rekutyaira mukutyaira beam mode
• Symmetrical - chiedza chinopararira mberi zvakaenzana, zvishoma nezvishoma kurasikirwa nesimba nekutsauka kubva kune optical axis ye headlight kusvika kurudyi uye kuruboshwe;
• Asymmetric (European) - chiedza chechiedza chinovhenekera mugwagwa zvisina kuenzana, iyo yakanyanya kujekesa kupenya inopiwa kurudyi, inovhara nzira yekurudyi uye pfudzi, kuderedzwa kwedanda kuruboshwe kunodzivirira kupofumadza vatyairi munzira inouya.
Chiedza chepamusoro chepamusoro chinovhenekera mugwagwa uye nzvimbo iri chinhambwe chikuru kubva kumotokari.Mwenje wemwenje uyu unowanikwa chaizvo mukutarisa kwemuratidziri, saka symmetrical danda rekusimba kwepamusoro rinoumbwa, rinotungamirwa kumberi.
Misoro inogona kushandiswa mumusoro optics yezvirongwa zvakasiyana:
• Zvirongwa zviviri zvemwenje - mavhenekeri maviri emhando yakasanganiswa anoshandiswa, ari symmetrically kumativi ose epakati axis yemotokari iyi;
• Zvina-headlight scheme - mana emwenje anoshandiswa, maviri ayo anoshanda chete mu low beam mode, maviri - chete mu high beam mode.Magetsi emusoro akaunganidzwa ari maviri e "dipped beam + high beam", maviri acho anowanikwa akaenzana kune yepakati axis yemotokari iyi.
Zvinoenderana nemutemo wezvino (GOST R 41.48-2004 (UNECE Regulations No. 48) uye vamwe vamwe), mota dzinofanirwa kuve dzakashongedzerwa neyakanyura maviri akanyikwa uye akakwira mwenje malights, mwenje miviri yemhute inogona kuisirwa sarudzo, kuvepo kwekuwedzera kunyudzwa. uye mwenje wepamusoro wepamusoro kana, ukuwo, kusavapo kwemidziyo yakajairwa hakubvumidzwe, mota yakadaro haigone kushandiswa (maererano nendima 3 ye "Basic Provisions yekubvumidzwa kweMotokari kuKushanda ..." Mitemo yeTraffic yeRussia. Federation).
Dhizaini uye maficha emarambi emota
Nekugadzira, mwenje wemberi wakakamurwa kuva marudzi akati wandei:
• Cabinet - iva nekesi yakaparadzana, inogona kuiswa pamabhuraketi pamutumbi wemotokari kana mune imwe nzvimbo.Rudzi urwu runosanganisira mwenje wemotokari dzinoverengeka kusvika ku60s, pamwe nemwenje wefog, mwenje wekutsvaga uye mwenje wekutsvaga;
• Yakavakwa-yakaiswa mune yakakosha niches inopiwa pamberi pemotokari;
• Vhara mwenje wepamberi - sanganisa akanyikwa uye epamusoro mwenje emwenje uye maratidziro ekutungamira mune imwe dhizaini.Kazhinji ivo vakaiswa;
• Mwenje-mwenje - marambi ekuwedzera ukuru, Yakabatanidzwa mune imwe dhizaini ine reflector uye diffuser, yakavakirwa-mukati.Inonyanya kuzivikanwa pamotokari dzeAmerica, nhasi dzinoshandiswa zvishoma kudarika zviedza zvemazuva ose.
Zvimiro, mwenje dzese dzakanyanya kufanana.Nheyo yechigadzirwa inyaya iyo iyo reflector yakaiswa - girazi rakakomberedzwa neimwe nzira (kazhinji plastiki ine metallized reflective coating), iyo inovimbisa kuumbwa kwechiedza chinotungamirirwa mberi.
Kune marudzi matatu ezviratidziri:
• Parabolic - classic dhizaini, iyo reflector ine chimiro cheparaboloid yekutenderera, iyo inovimbisa kugovera kwakafanana kwechiedza pamwe chete nemutsara we optical;
• Yakasununguka-fomu - iyo inoratidzira ine chimiro chakaoma ine nzvimbo dzine maitiro akasiyana-siyana kune imwe neimwe, inoumba chiedza chechiedza chine imwe nzira yemwaranzi;
• Elliptical - ichi ndicho chimiro chezviratidziro zvekufungidzira (lensed) mwenje, chimiro che elliptical chinopa chimiro chinodiwa chechiedza chechiedza munzvimbo yakavharwa.
Iyo headlight unit inoshandisa akati wandei maratidziro emarambi ese akabatanidzwa mune imwechete dhizaini.Chiedza chechiedza chinoiswa pakati pechiratidziro - mwenje weimwe mhando kana imwe (yakajairika, halogen, LED, xenon), mune yakakwirira mwenje mwenje iyo filament kana arc inowanikwa mukutarisa kweiyo reflector, mune yakanyudzwa malights ayo. inounzwa mberi zvishoma.Kumberi, mwenje wemusoro wakafukidzwa ne diffuser - chikamu chakajeka chakagadzirwa negirazi kana polycarbonate, pane iyo corrugation inoshandiswa.Kuvapo kwecorrugation kunovimbisa kupararira kwakafanana kwechiedza chechiedza pamusoro penzvimbo yese yakavhenekerwa.Iko hakuna diffuser mukutsvaga uye mwenje wekutsvaga, zvakanyanya, girazi rinovhara mwenje harina corrugation, rakatsetseka.Mumarambi emhute, lenzi inogona kupendwa yero.
Dhizaini yemwenje ine lensed yakanyanya kuoma.Izvo zvinobva pane elliptical reflector, mukutarisa iyo mwenje wakaiswa, uye pane imwe nzvimbo - an optical kuunganidza lens.Pakati pe lens nereflector panogona kunge paine chidzitiro chinofambiswa chinoshandura mwenje wemwenje kana uchichinja pakati pepasi pasi nepamusoro danda.
Iyo yakazara dhizaini uye kushanda kweiyo lensed mota mwenje
Muviri uye lens yemusoro wemwenje inotaridzwa neayo makuru maitiro uye marudzi emarambi anogona kuiswa.Kuiswa kwezvimwe zvitubu zvemwenje hazvigamuchirwi (nezvisingawanzo kunze), izvi zvinogona kushandura hunhu hwemwenje, uye nekudaro, mota haizopfuure kuongororwa.
Nyaya dzekusarudza, kutsiva uye kushanda kwemwenje wemota
Kuti usarudze maoptics matsva, zvinodikanwa kufunga nezve dhizaini, maficha uye hunhu hwezvigadzirwa zvekare, zvakanakira iwe unofanirwa kutenga mwenje weiyo modhi.Kana isu tichitaura nezve fog lights kana mwenje wekutsvaga uye mwenje wekutsvaga waive usiri pamotokari, saka pano iwe unofanirwa kufunga nezve mukana wekuisa zvigadziriso izvi pamotokari (kuvapo kwemabhuraketi akakodzera, nezvimwewo) uye maitiro avo.
Kunyanya kukoshesa kunofanira kubhadharwa kune kusarudzwa kwemwenje.Nhasi, ivo vanowanzo kuratidzwa mune maviri mavhezheni - ane yakajeka (chena) uye yero chikamu chechiratidzo chekutendeuka.Paunosarudza mwenje weyero weyero, unofanirwa kutenga mwenje une girobhu rakajeka, kana uchisarudza mwenje une chena inotenderera chiratidzo chikamu, iwe unofanirwa kutenga mwenje ine yero (amber) girobhu.
Kutsiviwa kwemwenje kunoitwa maererano nemirayiridzo yekushanda uye kugadziriswa kwemotokari.Mushure mekutsiva, zvinodikanwa kugadzirisa mavhenekeri maererano nemirayiridzo yakafanana.Muchiitiko chakareruka, basa iri rinoitwa pachishandiswa chidzitiro - ndege yakatwasuka ine micherechedzo painongedzerwa mwenje, madziro, gonhi regaraji, fenzi, nezvimwe zvinogona kuita sechidzitiro.
Kune yeEuropean-style yakaderera beam (ine asymmetric beam), zvinodikanwa kuve nechokwadi kuti muganho wepamusoro weiyo yakachinjika chikamu chechiedza chinowanikwa pazasi pepakati pemwenje.Kuti uone chinhambwe ichi, unogona kushandisa fomura inotevera:
h = H–(14×L×H)/1000000
uko h iri chinhambwe kubva paaxis yemarambi emberi kusvika kumuganhu wepamusoro wenzvimbo, H chinhambwe kubva pamugwagwa kusvika pakati pemwenje, L chinhambwe kubva pamotokari kuenda kuchiratidziro, chiyero chekuyera mm.
Kuti ugadzirise, zvakakosha kuisa motokari kure nemamita 5-8 kubva pachiratidziro, kukosha h kunofanira kurara muhuwandu hwe 35-100 mm, zvichienderana nekukwirira kwemotokari uye nzvimbo yezviedza zvayo.
Kune iyo yakakwirira danda, zvinodikanwa kuve nechokwadi kuti pakati penzvimbo dzemwenje inorara inenge hafu yedaro kubva kune optical axis yemusoro wemwenje uye muganho weiyo yakaderera danda mwenje nzvimbo.Zvakare, iwo optical axes emwenje wembatya anofanirwa kunangidzirwa kumberi, pasina kutsauka kumativi.
Nechisarudzo chakanaka uye kugadziriswa kwemwenje, motokari ichagamuchira michina yekuvhenekera yepamusoro inosangana nezvinodiwa zvehutano uye inochengetedza kuchengeteka mumugwagwa paunenge uchityaira murima.
Nguva yekutumira: Aug-22-2023