Mune yega yega yemazuva ano mota, tirakita uye dzimwe mota, akati wandei gumi nemaviri ekuvhenekesa anoshandiswa - marambi.Verenga pamusoro pekuti mwenje wemotokari chii, ndeapi marudzi emarambi aripo uye kuti akarongwa sei, kusarudza uye kushandisa marambi emhando dzakasiyana-siyana - verenga munyaya ino.
Chii chinonzi rambi remotokari?
Rambi remotokari chigadziko chemagetsi chinovhenekera, chitubu chemwenje chekugadzira umo simba remagetsi rinoshandurwa kuita mwenje wakareruka neimwe nzira.
Marambi emotokari anoshandiswa kugadzirisa matambudziko akati wandei:
• Kuvhenekera kwemugwagwa uye nzvimbo yakapoteredza murima kana mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kukwana kuonekwa (mhute, mvura, dutu remhepo) - mwenje, fog lights, kutsvaga uye kutsvaga;
• Mwenje yekuzivisa nezvekuchengetedzwa kwemugwagwa - zviratidzo, mabhureki, chiratidzo chekudzokera shure, mwenje wemasikati, mwenje wepureti yekumashure, mwenje wefog kumashure;
• Alarm pamusoro pemamiriro emotokari, zvikamu zvayo uye magungano - chiratidzo uye mwenje wekutonga pane dashboard;
• Kuvhenekera kwemukati - mukati memotokari, injini yekamuri, nzvimbo yekutakura;
• Emergency lighting - mwenje unotakura kure uye vamwe;
• Tuning uye zvemazuva ano zvemotokari - mwenje wekushongedza mwenje.
Kugadzirisa chimwe nechimwe chezvinetso izvi, marambi uye mamwe magetsi (LEDs) emhando dzakasiyana-siyana uye maitiro anoshandiswa.Kuti uite sarudzo yakarurama yemwenje, iwe unofanira kutanga wanzwisisa maitiro avo aripo uye maitiro.
Mhando uye maitiro emarambi emotokari
Marambi emotokari anogona kupatsanurwa mumhando uye mhando zvichienderana neiyo iri pasi pesimba, maitiro uye chinangwa.
Zvinoenderana nechimiro chechimiro chekushanda, marambi akakamurwa kuva anotevera marudzi:
• Mwenje incandescent;
• Xenon gas-discharge (arc, xenon-metal halide);
• Gasi-mwenje mwenje (neon uye izere nemamwe magasi anert);
• Mwenje wefluorescent;
• Semiconductor chiedza zvinyorwa - LEDs.
Imwe neimwe yemhando dzakatsanangurwa dzemwenje ine maitiro ayo ekugadzira uye nheyo yekushanda.
Mwenje incandescent.Chiedza chechiedza ndeye tungsten filament inopisa kusvika kune yakakwirira tembiricha, yakavharirwa mugirazi regirazi.Vanogona kuva nefilament imwe kana maviri (akasanganiswa akadzika uye akakwirira mwenje mwenje), kune marudzi matatu:
• Vacuum - mhepo inoputirwa kunze kwebhokisi, nekuda kwekuti iyo filament haina oxidize kana inopisa;
• Yakazadzwa negesi inert - nitrogen, argon kana musanganiswa wavo inoputirwa muflask;
• Halogen - girobhu rine musanganiswa wehalogen vapors yeiodine uye bromine, iyo inovandudza kushanda kwemwenje uye maitiro ayo.
Vacuum marambi nhasi anoshandiswa chete mumidziyo yezviridzwa, mukuvhenekera, nezvimwewo. Mwenje wepasi rose wakazadzwa nemagasi anert akapararira.Mwenje weHalogen unoshandiswa chete mumwenje wepamusoro.
Xenon mwenje.Aya ndiwo marambi emagetsi arc, kune ma electrode maviri mubhubhu, pakati peiyo arc yemagetsi inopisa.Iyo girobhu yakazadzwa ne xenon gasi, iyo inopa maitiro anodiwa emwenje.Iko kune xenon uye bi-xenon marambi, iwo akafanana nemwenje ane mafilamenti maviri epasi uye akakwirira danda.
Gasi-mwenje marambi.Mwenje iyi inoshandisa kugona kwemagasi anert (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon) kuburitsa chiedza kana kubuda kwemagetsi kuchipfuura nepakati pavo.Iwo anonyanya kushandiswa neon marambi ndeorenji, marambi eargon anopa kupenya kwepepuru, marambi ekrypton anopa kupenya kwebhuruu.
Fluorescent marambi.Mune marambi aya, mwenje unoburitsa yakakosha kupfekedza mukati megirobhu - phosphor.Ichi chifukidziro chinopenya nekuda kwekutorwa kwesimba, iro muchimiro chechiedza che ultraviolet chinobudiswa ne mercury vapor kana kubuda kwemagetsi kuchipfuura nepakati pavo.
Mwenje we LED.Aya ndiwo midziyo ye semiconductor (light-emitting diodes) umo optical radiation inomuka semugumisiro wehuwandu hwemigumisiro mu pn junction (panzvimbo yekubatana kwema semiconductors emhando dzakasiyana).LED, kusiyana nemamwe akawanda masosi emwenje, ingangoita nzvimbo yekuburitsa mwaranzi.
Marambi emhando dzakasiyana ane mamwe maapplication:
• Mwenje incandescent ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa, nhasi inoshandiswa kune magetsi emusoro, maaramu, muimba, sekutonga uye marambi emagetsi mumadhibhodhi, nezvimwewo;
• Xenon - chete muchiedza chemusoro;
• Gasi-chiedza - marambi emagetsi sechiratidzo uye marambi ekudzora (asingawanzoshandiswa nhasi), neon uye mamwe machubhu egasi ekushongedza mwenje;
• Fluorescent - se saloni (kashoma) uye kure kure nechiedza chekukurumidzira, kugadzirisa, nezvimwewo;
• Ma LED ndiwo magetsi epasi rose anoshandiswa nhasi mumagetsi emusoro, nokuda kwechiratidzo chechiedza, semasikati masikati, mumagetsi ezviridzwa.
Mwenje we LED mhando H4
Marambi emota ane akati wandei maitiro:
• Supply voltage - 6, 12 uye 24 V, maererano nemidhudhudhu, motokari uye marori;
• Simba remagetsi - simba rinoshandiswa nerambi rinowanzobva pachikamu chegumi chewatt (signal and control lamps) kusvika kumakumi akati wandei emawatts (lightlight lamps).Kazhinji, marambi ekupaka, mwenje yemabhureki uye zviratidzo zvinotungamira zvine simba re4-5 watts, mwenje wemusoro - kubva pa35 kusvika 70 watts, zvichienderana nerudzi (mwenje weincandescent - 45-50 watts, halogen mwenje - 60-65 watts, xenon. marambi - kusvika 75 watts kana kupfuura);
• Kupenya - simba rekupenya rinopenya rakagadzirwa nemwenje rinoyerwa nelumens (Lm).Mamiriro emagetsi emagetsi anogadzira chiedza chinopenya kusvika ku550-600 Lm, halogen mwenje yesimba rimwe chete - 1300-2100 Lm, mwenje xenon - kusvika ku3200 Lm, mwenje we LED - 20-500 Lm;
• Kupisa kwemavara hunhu hwemuvara wemwaranzi yemwenje, inoratidzwa mumadhigirii Kelvin.Incandescent mwenje ine tembiricha yemuvara we2200-2800 K, mwenje wehalogen - 3000-3200 K, mwenje wexenon - 4000-5000 K, mwenje we LED - 4000-6000 K. Iyo yakakwirira tembiricha yemavara, iyo yakareruka mwenje iri.
Kusiyana, kune mapoka maviri emarambi maererano neradiation spectrum:
• Marambi emazuva ose - ane girobhu regirazi rakajairwa, rinobuda muhupamhi spectrum (munzvimbo dzemaziso uye pedyo-ultraviolet uye infrared);
• Ne ultraviolet filter - iva neflask yakagadzirwa negirazi yequartz, inochengetedza ultraviolet mwaranzi.Aya marambi anoshandiswa mumwenje wepamberi ane diffuser yakagadzirwa nepolycarbonate kana mamwe mapurasitiki, ayo anorasikirwa nehunhu uye anoparadzwa nemwaranzi yeUV.
Zvisinei, maitiro ari pamusoro apa pakusarudza marambi haana kukosha sekugadzirwa kwavo uye rudzi rwechigadziko, izvo zvinoda kutaurwa zvakadzama.
Mhando dzezvivharo, dhizaini uye kushanda kwemarambi emotokari
Nhasi, marambi ane mabhesi akasiyana-siyana anoshandiswa, asi ese akakamurwa kuita mapoka makuru maviri:
• Europe - marambi anogadzirwa maererano neUNECE Regulation No. 37, iyi chiyero inogamuchirwawo muRussia (GOST R 41.37-99);
• America - marambi anogadzirwa maererano neNHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) mitemo, mamwe marudzi emarambi ane mamwe eEurope.
Pasinei neboka, marambi anogona kuva nemabhesi emhando dzinotevera:
• Flanged - chigadziko chine flange inorambidza, kusungirirwa kwemagetsi kunoitwa ne flat contacts;
• Pini - nheyo inogadzirwa nenzira yekapu yesimbi ine mapini maviri kana matatu ekugadzirisa mu cartridge;
• Nechigadziko chepurasitiki (rectangular base) - marambi ane flanged ane socket yepurasitiki ine mubatanidzwa wakabatanidzwa.Iyo yekubatanidza inogona kuwanikwa padivi kana pazasi (coaxial);
• Negasi regirazi - chigadziko chikamu chegirobhu yegirazi, magetsi emagetsi anotengeswa muchikamu chayo chezasi;
• Nekapu yegirazi uye chuck yepurasitiki - bhodhoro repurasitiki rine kana risina chibatanidza rinowanikwa padivi revhavha (munyaya iyi, vanobatana kubva muvharo vanopfuura nemakomba muchuck);
• Soffit (maviri-based) - marambi e-cylindrical ane mabhesi ari pamagumo, imwe neimwe terminal ye spiral ine nheyo yayo.
Panguva imwecheteyo, marambi ane marudzi akasiyana-siyana emabhesi akakamurwa kuva mapoka zvichienderana nechinangwa chavo:
• Boka 1 - pasina zvipingamupinyi - mwenje yakadzika uye yakakwirira, mwenje wemhute, nezvimwewo. Boka iri rinosanganisira mwenje yose yemhando (mapoka) H (inonyanya kuzivikanwa imhando H4), HB, HI, HS, pamwe nemamwe marambi anokosha. (S2 uye S3 nokuda midhudhudhu uye mopeds, uye vamwe);
• Boka 2 - mwenje weyambiro, mwenje unochinja, mwenje unodzosera kumashure, mwenje wekupaka, mwenje weplate rezinesi, nezvimwe. Boka iri rinosanganisira marambi akanyorwa C, HY, P, PR, PY, PR, PSR, PSY, R, T, W uye vamwe vamwe;
• Boka rechitatu - marambi ekutsiviwa kwezvigadzirwa zvakafanana mumotokari dzakarega.Iri boka rinosanganisira mwenje R2 (ine girobhu rakatenderera, rinoshandiswa zvakanyanya pamotokari dzekare dzepamba), S1 uye C21W;
• Xenon discharge marambi - boka iri rinosanganisira xenon marambi akaiswa D.
Mhando dzemotokarirambi
capsKushandiswa kwemhando huru dzemarambi emotokari
Kune marudzi maviri emarambi eBoka 1 anoshandiswa mwenje wemberi:
• Ne filament imwe (kana imwe arc munyaya ye xenon rambi) - inoshandiswa chete seyakanyura kana mwenje wepamusoro.Mukupfuura matanda emidziyo, iyo filament iri pazasi yakafukidzwa neyakagadzirwa sikirini kuitira kuti mwenje unoyerera unonangana chete kuchikamu chepamusoro chemwenje wemwenje;
• Nemafilamende maviri - anoshandiswa semwenje wakanyikwa uye wakakwirira.Mune marambi aya, mafirimu anopatsanurwa neimwe chinhambwe kuitira kuti kana akaiswa muchiedza chemusoro, iyo yakakwira danda filament iri mukutarisa kweanoratidzira, uye yakanyudzwa danda filament haisi kutariswa, uye yakanyudzwa danda filament inovharwa kubva. pasi pechidzitiro.
Inofanira kunyanya kucherechedzwa kuti rudzi (chikamu) chemwenje uye rudzi rwechigadziko hachisi chinhu chimwe chete.Mapoka akasiyana emarambi anosiyana mukugadzira uye anogona kunge ane chigadziko chakamisikidzwa, marudzi akajairika emabhesi anoratidzwa mumufananidzo.
Sarudzo chaiyo uye maitiro ekushanda kwemarambi emotokari
Paunosarudza marambi mumotokari, unofanirwa kufunga nezverudzi rwemwenje, rudzi rwechigadziko chayo uye maitiro emagetsi - kupa voltage uye simba.Zvakanakisisa kutenga marambi ane zviratidzo zvakafanana izvo zvekare zvaive nazvo - nenzira iyi unovimbiswa kuwana chaizvo zvaunoda.Kana, nokuda kwechikonzero chimwe kana chimwe, hazvibviri kana kudiwa kutenga mwenje wakafanana (somuenzaniso, paunenge uchitsiva mwenje we-incandescent ne LED), ipapo rudzi rwechigadziko uye maitiro emagetsi anofanira kutorwa.
Paunosarudza marambi emwenje wemusoro, unofanirwa kufunga nezve kurudziro yemugadziri wemotokari inoratidzwa pane diffuser.Saka, kune epurasitiki diffusers (uye kune mazhinji acho nhasi), iwe unofanirwa kutenga mwenje ine ultraviolet sefa - anenge ese halogen marambi anogadzirwa saizvozvo.Zvakare, pane diffuser, chiratidzo chemwenje chakakodzera chinogona kuratidzwa kana mhando yavo inogona kuratidzwa (semuenzaniso, kunyorwa "Halogen").Zvakanakisisa kutenga marambi ari maviri maviri kuitira kuti magetsi ose ave nemaitiro akafanana.
Paunenge uchitenga marambi ezviratidziro zvinotungamira uye zvinodzokorora, unofanirwa kufunga nezvemuvara wevanosiyanisa.Kana iyo diffuser iri pachena, saka zvinodikanwa kusarudza mwenje ine girobhu yeinonzi mota yero (amber) ruvara.Kana iyo diffuser yakapendwa, saka mwenje unofanirwa kuve negirobhu rakajeka.Hazvibviri kutsiva imwe rudzi rwemwenje neimwe (somuenzaniso, isa mwenje weamber panzvimbo peinopenya kana zvinopesana), sezvo iwo ane marudzi akasiyana ezvigadziko uye asingachinjiki.
Kuchengetedza kunofanira kutorwa pakuisa marambi, kunyanya mwenje wemusoro.Iwe unogona kutora mwenje chete nechigadziko kana kushandisa magirovhosi akachena.Izvo zvakasara zvegirisi kubva paminwe uye tsvina pagirobhu zvinotungamira kumhedzisiro yakaipa - iyo mwaranzi maitiro emwenje uye maitiro akatyorwa, uye nekuda kwekupisa kusina kuenzana, mwenje unogona kutsemuka nekutadza mushure memaawa mashoma ekushanda.
Nekusarudzwa kwakakodzera uye kutsiva marambi, mota inosangana nezvinodiwa zveyero uye inopa yakasununguka kushanda mumamiriro akasiyana.
Nguva yekutumira: Aug-21-2023